The Myth of the Founding of Rome: A Comparative Study

I. Introduction

Roman mythology is a rich tapestry of stories that reflect the values and beliefs of ancient Roman society. It encompasses a wide range of deities, legends, and historical narratives that helped to shape the Roman worldview. Among these tales, the myth of the founding of Rome holds a special significance, serving not only as a narrative of origins but also as a foundational element of Roman identity.

The founding myth of Rome, particularly the story of Romulus and Remus, illustrates key Roman ideals such as duty, sacrifice, and the divine right to rule. It helped forge a cultural identity that linked the Romans to their heroic past. This comparative study seeks to explore the various accounts of the founding myth, examining traditional narratives alongside alternative versions and their connections to Greek mythology.

II. The Traditional Roman Account: Romulus and Remus

A. The story of Romulus and Remus

The tale of Romulus and Remus begins with their miraculous birth. According to myth, they were the sons of Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin, and Mars, the god of war. Abandoned at birth, they were rescued by a she-wolf who nurtured them until they were found by a shepherd named Faustulus.

1. Birth and upbringing

As they grew, the twins became strong and adventurous. Eventually, they learned of their royal heritage and sought to reclaim their rightful place. Their upbringing under the watchful eye of the she-wolf became a symbol of resilience and protection, setting the stage for their destiny.

2. The conflict between the twins

However, the bond between the brothers soon gave way to rivalry. After deciding to found a city, a dispute arose over which hill to build upon. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, while Remus preferred the Aventine Hill. This conflict culminated in a tragic confrontation, leading to Romulus killing Remus.

3. The founding of Rome

Romulus then went on to establish the city of Rome, marking its founding in 753 BC. He became its first king, laying down laws and creating institutions that would shape the future of Rome. This narrative encapsulates themes of conflict, ambition, and the struggle for power, emblematic of the Roman spirit.

B. Symbolism and themes in the myth

1. Brotherhood and rivalry

The relationship between Romulus and Remus symbolizes the dual nature of humanity—brotherhood intertwined with rivalry. This theme resonates throughout Roman history, reflecting the tensions that often existed within the Republic.

2. The divine right to rule

The myth also emphasizes the divine right to rule, as Romulus is portrayed as a figure chosen by the gods to lead. His actions and decisions are often framed within the context of fate and destiny, reinforcing the idea that Rome was destined for greatness.

III. Alternate Versions of the Founding Myth

A. Variations in Roman literature

Various Roman authors have recounted the founding myth, each adding their unique perspectives and embellishments to the tale.

1. Livy’s account

In his monumental work, “Ab Urbe Condita,” Livy presents a detailed account of Romulus and Remus, emphasizing themes of virtue and divine favor. His narrative highlights the moral lessons inherent in the twins’ story, portraying Romulus as a model of Roman values.

2. Ovid’s retelling

Ovid’s “Metamorphoses” offers a more poetic and mythological interpretation, incorporating elements of transformation and divine intervention. His version underscores the fantastical aspects of the myth, blending them with the overarching theme of change.

B. Regional differences in the myth

Throughout Italy, local variations of the founding myth exist, reflecting the diverse cultures that contributed to the Roman identity.

1. Local legends and their influences

Different regions had their own heroes and legends that intersected with the story of Romulus and Remus, leading to a rich tapestry of narratives.

2. Other figures in the founding narrative

Figures such as Aeneas, who is central to another founding narrative, also play a crucial role in shaping the mythic landscape of Rome, illustrating the complex interplay between different stories and characters.

IV. Comparative Analysis: Greek Origins and Influences

A. Similarities between Roman and Greek foundation myths

Roman mythology, particularly the founding myth, bears striking similarities to Greek foundation myths, revealing the cultural exchanges between the two civilizations.

1. The role of divine intervention

Both myths often feature divine intervention, where gods play pivotal roles in the destinies of human characters. This reflects the belief that the divine was intricately woven into the fabric of human affairs.

2. Heroic figures and their journeys

Heroic journeys and trials are central to both traditions, with figures like Aeneas in Roman mythology paralleling Greek heroes such as Odysseus. These journeys symbolize the quest for identity and purpose.

B. The story of Aeneas as a precursor

The story of Aeneas, a Trojan hero who fled to Italy, serves as a precursor to the myth of Romulus and Remus, linking the two narratives.

1. Aeneas’ journey from Troy to Italy

Aeneas’ journey, as depicted in Virgil’s “Aeneid,” illustrates themes of duty, destiny, and the founding of a new homeland, paralleling the narrative of Romulus.

2. The connection between Aeneas and Romulus

Aeneas is often portrayed as an ancestor of Romulus, emphasizing the continuity of Roman identity from the fall of Troy to the founding of Rome.

V. Symbolic and Cultural Interpretations

A. The founding myth as a reflection of Roman values

The founding myth embodies the core values of Roman society, serving as a moral compass for its citizens.

1. Themes of duty, sacrifice, and destiny

Duty to family and state, the willingness to sacrifice for the greater good, and the belief in a destined greatness are themes that resonate deeply in Roman culture.

2. The myth’s role in shaping Roman identity

The story of Romulus and Remus became a foundational narrative that helped to forge a collective Roman identity, uniting diverse peoples under a common heritage.

B. Influence on Roman political and social structures

The founding myth influenced the development of Roman political ideologies and social structures.

1. The concept of ‘mos maiorum’

The traditional customs and values, referred to as ‘mos maiorum,’ were rooted in the history and virtues celebrated in the founding myth, guiding Roman conduct and governance.

2. The use of the myth in propaganda

Throughout history, leaders utilized the founding myth for political gain, reinforcing their legitimacy by associating themselves with the heroic figures of Rome’s origins.

VI. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives

A. Evidence of early settlements in Rome

Archaeological discoveries have revealed evidence of early settlements in the region that would become Rome, shedding light on the historical context of the founding myth.

B. The intersection of myth and historical fact

While the myth of Romulus and Remus is steeped in legend, archaeological findings indicate that the area was inhabited long before the traditional date of Rome’s founding.

C. How archaeological findings support or contradict the myth

Archaeological evidence both supports and challenges various aspects of the myth, prompting ongoing debates among historians and archaeologists regarding the