The Symbolism of the Founding of Rome in Roman Art

I. Introduction

The founding of Rome is a cornerstone of Roman mythology, steeped in narrative and symbolism that resonates throughout history. This event, traditionally dated to 753 BCE, is not merely a historical milestone but a rich tapestry of cultural identity, values, and aspirations that defined the Roman people.

Art has played a pivotal role in conveying these historical and cultural narratives. Through sculptures, paintings, and architectural works, artists have immortalized the legends of Rome’s origin, providing visual representations that echo the myths and ideals of the time.

This article aims to explore the intricate symbolism behind the founding of Rome as depicted in various forms of Roman art, revealing the layers of meaning that these artworks convey about identity, power, and the divine.

II. Historical Context of Rome’s Founding

At the heart of Rome’s founding myth are the legendary figures of Romulus and Remus, twin brothers whose story encompasses themes of struggle, survival, and sovereignty.

• Mythological Origins: Romulus and Remus were said to be the sons of Mars, the god of war, and Rhea Silvia, a vestal virgin. Abandoned at birth and raised by a she-wolf, their story begins with adversity and culminates in triumph.
• Key Events: The narrative details how Romulus, after a dispute with Remus, became the sole founder of Rome, establishing its first walls and institutions.
• Cultural Implications: This myth encapsulates the Roman ideals of strength, resilience, and the belief that Rome was destined for greatness, divinely ordained and politically justified.

III. Artistic Representation of Romulus and Remus

The story of Romulus and Remus has been a popular subject in Roman art, symbolizing the foundational virtues of the city.

• Illustrations in Sculpture and Painting: Numerous sculptures and paintings depict the twins, often highlighting their bond and the pivotal moment of their upbringing by the she-wolf.
• Iconography of the She-Wolf: The she-wolf is a powerful symbol of nurturing and protection, representing the survival of the twins and, by extension, the survival of Rome itself.

Key artworks such as the Capitoline Wolf sculpture and various frescoes from the Roman Republic illustrate these themes vividly, showcasing not only the myth but also the artistic styles and techniques of the time.

IV. The Symbolism of the Palatine Hill

The Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, is steeped in history and symbolism, serving as a crucial backdrop to the founding narrative.

• Architectural Significance: The Palatine Hill is considered the birthplace of Rome, where Romulus is said to have founded the city. It became a symbol of imperial power, hosting the residences of emperors and the elite.
• Artistic Depictions: Artists have portrayed the Palatine Hill in various forms, often aligning it with the themes of authority and legitimacy. Its depiction in mosaics and reliefs reflects the grandeur associated with Rome’s rulers.

Artworks such as the Farnese Palace frescoes and other Roman reliefs highlight the Palatine as a locus of power, reinforcing the narrative of Rome’s divine favor and rightful dominance.

V. The Role of Roman Deities in Founding Myths

The involvement of deities in the founding myth of Rome adds another layer of meaning, portraying divine influence over human affairs.

• Influence of Gods and Goddesses: Figures like Mars, the god of war, and Venus, the goddess of love, are integral to the foundation myth, symbolizing the martial and romantic virtues that would characterize Roman society.
• Artistic Portrayals: Many artworks illustrate divine intervention, such as the Temple of Mars Ultor and various sculptures that depict gods overseeing the founding events, emphasizing their significance to Rome’s destiny.

Key artworks featuring these deities serve to reinforce the idea that Rome was favored by the gods, destined for greatness through divine will.

VI. The Use of Allegorical Figures in Roman Art

Allegory played a significant role in Roman artistic tradition, allowing artists to convey complex ideas through symbolic representation.

• Introduction to Allegory: Allegorical figures often personified virtues such as Victory, Peace, and Justice, embodying the ideals that Rome aspired to uphold.
• Identification of Figures: Figures like Roma, the personification of the city itself, appear in various artworks, symbolizing the strength and endurance of the Roman state.

Famous allegorical works, such as the Altar of Peace (Ara Pacis), illustrate the intersection of mythology and civic virtue, showcasing how art was used to promote the ideals of the Roman Empire.

VII. The Influence of the Founding Myth on Later Roman Art

The themes associated with Rome’s founding have persisted throughout history, influencing artistic expression in various periods.

• Continuity and Evolution: Artists in the Renaissance and Baroque periods drew inspiration from the founding myths, incorporating them into their works as a means of connecting contemporary society with its glorious past.
• Examination of Interpretations: Renaissance artists like Raphael and Baroque artists like Bernini created works that reflect the enduring legacy of Rome’s foundation, reinterpreting the myths through new artistic lenses.

The legacy of the founding narrative continues to echo in modern art, where artists engage with these themes, exploring the complexities of identity, power, and mythology in contemporary society.

VIII. Conclusion

The founding of Rome is a deeply significant theme in Roman art, serving as a source of inspiration and a reflection of cultural values throughout history. The symbolism inherent in the narratives of Romulus and Remus, the Palatine Hill, and the divine influences has created a rich artistic legacy that continues to resonate in contemporary culture.

As we reflect on the enduring symbolism of Rome’s founding, it becomes evident that the connections between mythology and art are profound and multifaceted. We invite you to explore further the intricate relationships between these elements in the rich tapestry of Roman history.